每日法律英语词条（16）：Injunction
每日法律英语词条每日精选一个重要的法律英语词条，梳理这个词条的含义和相关判例。
Injunction is a court order of an equitable nature requiring a person to do, or refrain from doing, a particular action.
强制令属衡平法性质的法院命令，规定某人作出或不作出某项特定作为。
Contract
An equitable remedy concerned with securing performance in specie, usually granted to restrain the violation of a provision or term of a contract.
In cases where damages would be an inadequate remedy application may be made for injunction to restrain breach of contract where obligation is a negative one.
In such cases an injunction is normally granted, although it is equitable and thus in principle a discretionary remedy, it may be refused on the ground that its award would cause such particular hardship to the defendant as to be oppressive to him.
在合同法的角度来看，强制令是指确保以原本的方式履行合同的衡平法补救方法，通常用作制止对合同条文或条款的违反。
凡损害赔偿是不足的补救，而且合约订明的义务属消极义务，可申请强制令禁止违约。
在此等情况下，法院通常会作出强制令，但强制令在原则上属衡平法补救，因此如强制令的判给会对被告人造成特别困难，以致对其产生欺压性的影响，则法院可能会拒绝作出强制令。
Equity
An order of a court that stops a person from doing, or demands that a person do, a particular action.
An injunction is a remedy of an equitable nature and therefore acts in personal.
从衡平的角度来看，强制令是指法院作出的命令以阻止某人作出或要求某人作出某项特定行动。
强制令属于衡平法补救方法，因此是对人作出。
An injunction is a coercive or specific remedy.
It differs from a specific performance, which is only granted to enforce contractual obligations.
Injunctions may require (‘enjoin’) a particular act (‘mandatory injunctions’) or forbid a particular act (‘prohibitory injunctions’);
they may be interlocutory (or interim) or final;
and they may be granted to prevent wrongs currently existing or to prevent wrongs that have not been committed (‘quia timet injunctions’).
An injunction may be permanent, for a specified period of time, or until a proceeding in a court is determined.
强制令是强制性或特定的补救，有别于强制履行，强制履行只履行合同所订明的责任，
而强制令可规定命令某项特定作为（强制性强制令）或禁止某项特定作为（禁止性强制令）；
强制令也可以是中间的（或临时的）或最终强制令；并且可用作避免现存的错误或尚未犯下的错误（即因恐惧而请求保护）。
强制性强制令可以是永久性的，也可以维持一段特定期限或直至在法院进行的程序得到裁决前生效。
Tort
A remedy compelling a person to do or preventing the commission of torts which are threatened, anticipated or, in cases of continuing injuries, to restrain their continuance.
The principle upon which such injunction may be granted is that the injury to be inflicted would be of such a character that the claimant could not practically be compensated in damage;
or where the injury done by it is substantial ;
or where, however slight the damage may be, the nuisance is a continuing or recurring one, so that it would give rise to a series of actions if no injunction were granted.
在侵权法的角度下，就威胁或预期会发生的侵权行为，强制令强迫某人作出或防止某人犯侵权行为的补救方法；或者在持续伤害的个案中，强制令指禁止该等伤害继续发生的补救方法。
在下列情况下，法院可能会做出禁止令：
（1）鉴于侵权行为将会造成的伤害的性质，以致损害赔偿不能足以向申请人作出补偿；
（2）该侵权行为造成重大的伤害；
（3）即使损害可能非常轻微，但由于滋扰属于持续性或复发性的，因此如果法院不作出强制令，会产生一连串的诉讼。
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复习一下：
每日法律英语词条（15）：Restraining order
每日法律英语词条（14）：Clear and convincing evidence
每日法律英语词条（13）：Defamation
每日法律英语词条（12）：Res judicata→Claim preclusion
每日法律英语词条（11）：Punitive /exemplary /vindictive damages
每日法律英语词条（10）：Strict liability
每日法律英语词条（9）：subject to
每日法律英语词条（8）：Asylum
每日法律英语词条（7）：arbitration
每日法律英语词条（6）：Assisted reproductive technologies (ART)
每日法律英语词条（5）：Appellate jurisdiction
每日法律英语词条（4）：Censorship
每日法律英语词条（3）：Administrative discretion
每日法律英语词条（2）：Accessory
每日法律英语词条（1）：Abstention
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